The Search for Natural Law</h1> <article> <h1>The Search for Natural Law</h1> <p>Dr. Frederick D. Graves — Thu, 02 Oct 2008 14:32:04 GMT</p> <p> </p> <h2 style="text-align:center;" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;">The Search for Natural Law</span></h2> <p> <span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:200%;text-align:center;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;" align="center"><i><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">(An etymology of “Jurisprudence”)</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;" align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;">© 1985-2007 by Frederick Graves, JD</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-align:center;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;" align="center"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">All Rights Reserved</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-align:center;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;" align="center"><span><span style="font-size:10pt;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-align:center;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;" align="center"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span><span><span>Introduction</span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>What is Natural Law?</span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>To unravel this mystery we explore the meaning of Jurisprudence and by understanding this complex word gain a clearer view of our American heritage of law, how we came to the problems we now face, and what we can do together to make things better for the future of our children and the world.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Our search for Natural Law begins with understanding Jurisprudence.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>I tracked the etymology and traced the history of Jurisprudence from the Roman senate, where<span> the word had its birth, to today’s law schools and the legal literature of our courts, where the venerable old term has too long been ludicrously misused and its potential for the improvement of our systems of law almost universally ignored.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>This is no accident, I found. The meaning of Jurisprudence was intentionally hidden from us by humanist philosophers, jurists, textbook writers, and professors of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century, who replaced the old meaning of Jurisprudence with a new idea, an idea with many names, an idea that seeks to hold the world in its grip and threatens at this present hour by just such deceits as this to establish a global oligarchy of such unprecedented power and control that wise men and women are now resolving to restore the wisdom of Jurisprudence to our land by promoting Public Legal Education so our children will no longer be deceived.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The </span>moguls<span> of modern thinking this past century claimed we no longer need the old idea of Jurisprudence. They </span>said<span> the idea is a barrier to mankind’s progress. Some went so far as to contend right-thinking people should work to divest our land of such unscientific notions. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>So, by fiat of scholars and judges and fools the meaning of Jurisprudence, a treasure men once died for, was abandoned for a hundred years or so in the dusty pages of old books.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Today we are </span>turning<span> again to the heritage of our past to understand what the old word once stood for, and by its wisdom we are rediscovering Natural Law and finding hope for a new tomorrow.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence is derived from two Roman roots—<i>juris</i> and <i>prudens—</i>the Latin words for Justice and Prudence. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Yet, the </span>definition<span> one finds in any modern dictionary is “the science of law”. Something vital has obviously been omitted. There is a peculiar gap between “science of law” and the root words <i>juris </i>and <i>prudens</i>. The ideas are not even remotely similar!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Why has this word been re-defined? What did it mean before? Who re-defined it? What was their motive? These questions will all be answered as you read on, and as each question is answered you will be learning how to re-establish what’s been purposely stolen from you!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:200%;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:200%;"> </span></span></span></p> <h3 style="margin:0in 0in 3pt;"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">ETYMOLOGY - Juris</span></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span> </span></span><i><span style="font-family:Arial;">Juris</span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"> is the genitive (possessive) case singular of the Latin noun <i>jus</i>, meaning “right”, i.e., that which is good, productive, healthful, uplifting, empowering, nurturing, peaceful, joyful, and liberating for both individuals and nations. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>This is not the same word we use when we say a person has rights. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Jus </i>is “right” as when we say a person did what’s right, what’s good, what’s loving.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The Sanskrit equivalent is <i>yoh</i>, meaning “health”.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>A near equivalent is the Hebrew <i>yod</i>, meaning “source of light”. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>In Persia’s writings of Zoroaster it is <i>yaozdadaiti</i>, meaning “that which purifies”. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Other words equivalent to <i>jus</i> relate to stretching a thing till it is perfectly straight or bending it carefully to make the perfect corner of a square or intersection of a cross.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Note that <i>jus</i> in Latin is not just another word for “law”. The words “right” and “law” are distinct ideas in Latin. Each has its own identity. Each stands on its own. Each is different from the other. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The Latin name for “law” is <i>lex</i>, not <i>jus</i>. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Lex</i> is the mechanism of state power, force, compulsion, the written law (right or wrong).</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Lex</i> is the body of codified precepts and rules by which governments control people, the law that validates the force of armies and gives power to orders of magistrates. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Lex is law men make for themselves.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jus is something altogether different. Jus refers to that which is proper and fair in fact. Jus is what’s right, whether man’s lex makes it legal or illegal. Jus is a reality revealed only by Eternal Truth, transcending the edicts of man’s courts and legislatures. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jus is the first root of Jurisprudence … not lex.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Other languages also make a distinction between eternal “right” and man’s written “law”.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>To the French, what’s “right” is <i>droit</i>, while their written “law” is <i>loi</i>. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The German says what’s “right” is <i>recht</i>, while his code of rules is <i>gesetz</i>.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We would be wise in this nation to make the distinction and teach our children the difference.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Jus </i>is the rule of Eternal Truth that dictates human consequences in accordance with our actions and failures to act. <i>Jus</i> is the hidden law of nature, what some men call Natural Law, an unavoidable reality that works behind the scenes to dictate the outcome of our behavior. <i>Jus</i> is the unseen Hand of God that rewards good and punishes evil, no matter what our law may say is right or wrong, no matter what public opinion demands, no matter how angrily we rebel against its supreme authority. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Jus </i>is Natural Law supernaturally rewarding good and tearing down evil, utterly heedless of our human statutes, courts, or legislatures. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Jus </i>is <i>jus</i>, no matter what our <i>lex </i>may say.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence is the search for this Natural Law that transcends our statutes and decrees.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Lex </i>is “law” in fact. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Lex</i> is written law, codes, ordinances, human edicts, rule by force, the power of the state, the gavel of our courts, the steel chains and iron doors of our prisons. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>If we are wise our <i>lex </i>seeks <i>jus</i>. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>When we foolishly create <i>lex </i>that ignores <i>jus</i>, then Natural Law teaches us our folly by imposing unpleasant consequences that reveal our errors as surely as night follows day.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>George Washington called this Eternal Truth “Providence”, a force beyond the reach of reason that, like an Unseen Hand, unavoidably moves in our individual lives and in the lives of nations to decide the outcome of our human efforts. If we are loving and kind the Unseen Hand rewards us, sometimes with mysterious benefits we could never have predicted. If we are selfish and cruel, Natural Law sooner or later brings suffering. Though the effects of <i>jus </i>may be delayed for a time, they are never escaped. Natural Law obeys no human legislation. Its rule is heedless of our most eloquent demands. It is what it is. Only fools ignore it.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>As they say on the street, “What goes around comes around.” Natural Law is at work.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Jus </i>is eternal and unchanging. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Lex </i>is whatever we decide to make it.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Though the two ideas are clearly distinct, the differences outstripped the understanding of many 20<sup>th</sup> Century writers and law professors who interchanged them at will, obliterating the distinction. As a consequence, our heritage was robbed of the wisdom that once sought to understand eternal principles. Men wrote and taught about a brave new world waiting on time’s horizon where <i>lex</i> would always be <i>jus</i> (because they’d hide the difference from us).</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>They made Jurisprudence a mere science, robbing our foundation of faith in self-evident truths such as those Thomas Jefferson wrote into our Declaration of Independence. They sought to hide the wisdom of <i>jus</i>, promoting laws to control human behavior instead of laws counseling people to submit to Natural Law and gain its benefits.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Today’s generation will Lift the Lamp of Liberty, promote Public Legal Education, and restore Jurisprudence in our law schools, legislatures, courts, and even in our public schools where children will learn about the Law beyond our books. Natural Law.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The law degree conferred on students at graduation from most law schools is called <i>Juris Doctor</i>, yet law students for years have been taught mostly <i>lex</i>, while <i>jus </i>was ignored as an intellectual dinosaur of significance only to legal philosophers, of no use at all to aspiring attorneys and judges. The degree conferred by these schools should be called <i>Lex Doctor</i>, since <i>lex</i> is what law schools have emphasized for years.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We will correct this problem by teaching the principles of <i>jus</i>-tice in our public schools.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence seeks to understand Natural Law and to conform our statutes accordingly.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence is Wisdom seeking Justice.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Atheists and others deceived by humanism’s lies want nothing to do with Eternal Truth in the deliberations of law. This is partly because religionists like William Blackstone wrote books in the Nineteenth Century confusing Natural Law with Biblical Law. The one insists truth is relative. The other insists truth can only be discerned by studying scripture. Both fall short of the mark. Though scripture proposes mandates to inculcate morality, Bibles merely record what God already established. Natural Law existed before Moses, before Abraham, before Adam, and even before formation of the stars and space itself! This is the secret of the ages fools despise and wise men cherish. It is the foundation of our Hope.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Truth is revealed only by Truth.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence searches for Natural Law so it can spare us the consequence of ignorance.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Popular writers of the last century stupidly insisted there is no Natural Law to determine the destinies of men and nations, no God that rewards good and punishes evil. The result was a century of legislation and court administration that increasingly benefited international corporations and prostituted justice for the sake of political expedience.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We will learn to love Truth and Lift the Lamp together to enlighten the ignorance of those who see our nation on the road to destruction and don’t know why.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>This is why!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Look and learn!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Sir John William Salmond wrote soon after the Great War, “Our purpose is to consider in respect of their origins and relations the various names and titles which have been borne by law in different languages in the hope juridical terms may be found to throw some light upon the ideas of which they are manifestations.” (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">Jurisprudence</span>, Sir John Salmond, Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1920.) Sir Salmond distinguishes between the two ideas of law, clarifying the meaning of Jurisprudence. “If we inquire after the cause of this duplication of terms we find it in the double aspect of the juridical concept of law. Law arises from a union of justice and force, of right and might. It is justice recognized and established by authority. It is right realized through power. Since it has two sides and aspects, it may be looked at from two different points of view, and we find it has two different names. <i>Jus</i> is law from the point of view of right and justice; <i>lex</i> is law from the point of view of authority and force.” (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">Ibid</span>.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Shouldn’t the formal study of <i>lex</i> (largely controlled by a private organization called the American Bar Association) that leads to a Juris Doctor degree and prepares life-long careers for lawyers, judges, and most legislators be tempered by a balanced view toward <i>jus</i>? </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Each of us should ask leadership this question and urge neighbors and friends to demand that our children at every age be taught about <i>jus </i>in our schools! Every American citizen has a right to know the difference between <i>jus</i> or right and <i>lex</i> or force. Understanding this and sharing its truth with your neighbors and friends is essential to building a better tomorrow for your children. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Together we are making a difference. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We are correcting the errors of our past through Public Legal Education.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Thomas Cowan wrote in 1956, <i>jus</i> is “the law as it <i>ought to be</i> rather than as it is.” He said the “abiding concern” of Jurisprudence is the nature of <i>jus</i>-tice. (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">The American Jurisprudence Reader</span>, Thomas A. Cowan, Oceana Publications, New York, 1956.) </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Consider the Scales of Justice. In one pan of the balance is <i>lex</i> (written law, law as it is). In the other pan is <i>jus</i> (Natural Law, law as it ought to be). What greater goal for legislators and judges than to balance the two, amending <i>lex </i>to conform with the inescapable <i>jus</i>? Why should the truth be hidden any longer. Natural Law is reality, not illusion!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Together we are teaching our children the difference.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Beware of those who say, “They are one and the same!” </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>They are not the same. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>They are not at all the same! </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Those who say this are enemies of truth and, therefore, enemies of mankind.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Each word represents a different idea. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We can no more change the meaning of <i>jus</i> than we can change the path of Jupiter! </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Jus</i> is <i>jus</i>. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Right is right—and it will never change!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Lex</i> is <i>lex</i>. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Law is law—but law <i>must</i> change until it holds the Scales in balance according to the plan for American Justice that too many have already given their lives to establish and preserve.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Establish and Preserve. Jachin and Boaz. The two pillars of Solomon’s temple. Twin towers of truth inescapable. <i>Jus </i>must be established and preserved for future generations.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Wise men search to discern Natural Law so they may avoid its inescapable consequence.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>By changing human behavior through wise laws we can avoid the painful result of living in disobedience to Natural Law. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>It doesn’t matter what we “think” should happen if we do a certain thing. Natural Law decrees the consequences. This is how we learn the “hard knocks” lessons of life. This truth is not apparent to young people, however older men and women know that, as Newton said is true in physics, every action has a reaction. It doesn’t make a bit of difference what we “think” is fair or unfair. Natural Law is inescapable. Man’s laws will never change it!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Eternal Truth is eternally true.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>No one is immune to the effects of Natural Law. Interpretation has nothing to do with it. What one chooses to believe has no effect on the Reality of this present moment, regardless of New Age teachings to the contrary. What we believe may change tomorrow, but today is what it is. Today is what we need to change, or tomorrow may take a fiendish turn and make an end of us all. Blind hope, like good intentions, will only lead us into greater darkness.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Natural law decrees it so.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Natural Law determines the outcome of our temporal decisions, whether as individuals or as nations. It cannot be avoided by wishful thinking or volumes of legislation. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We ignore Truth at our peril.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Atheistic ignorance imperils our children who are too young to understand. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The lamp of Jurisprudence is lifted by our cooperative human energies, and by its wisdom alone we will provide a better future for our children. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Eternal Truth never changes. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Natural Law is never violated.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Therefore, we begin to obey an ancient moral imperative, amending temporal law (<i>lex</i>) until it encourages everyone to live in the reverence of Natural Law (<i>jus</i>). And though eternity be too short a span for this accomplishment, it will never cease to be the object of our most committed energies.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>This is the highest form of loving our neighbors even as we love ourselves!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We strive for lex<i> </i>so we can secure human happiness through wise obedience to <i>jus</i>.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>This has been the call of Jurisprudence to wise people of every age. Let us heed the call today!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Jus </i>alone justifies governments and legitimizes their temporal power … not <i>lex</i>.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>If we say <i>lex</i> is <i>jus</i> simply because it is <i>lex</i>, we err, for <i>jus</i> is the Eternal Law of Right, not man’s law of might. The two are not equivalent.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The nemesis of modern juridical thinking is that 20<sup>th</sup> Century jurists, emancipated by their elitist disdain for religion’s imperatives of Eternal Truth, sought to administer <i>jus</i> based solely on their own secular ideas of “justice” without acknowledging Natural Law, denying the innate nature of an Ordered Cosmos and the consequence of ignoring the Greater Truth that the cosmos in which we live is inescapably subject to an overriding <i>logos</i>, an Eternal Law that determines the fate of men and nations in accordance with our actions. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>In this rebellion wisdom died. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>An insidious legal tyranny began to raise its ugly head, preparing all to be enslaved by judicial arrogance.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>What got built was <i>lex</i> and more <i>lex</i> (not <i>jus</i>), while people suffered under the gavel of fools.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Others observed modernists’ tendency to ignore Natural Law in matters of Jurisprudence. Cobban predicted dire consequences when he wrote in 1941, “It would seem we must acquiesce to the abandonment of Eternal Truth by the modern world, even though to do so is to accept the rule of arbitrary human will in the life of society. Henceforth there can be no ethical standards of social and political behavior, because <i>will cannot make right</i>.” [emphasis added] (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">The Crisis of Civilization</span>, J. Cape, London, 1941.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Will cannot make right. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Lex </i>cannot make <i>jus </i>… no, not in a million lifetimes.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Montesquieu saw more than 200 years ago the emergence of this idea that seeks to hold the world in its grip. He admonished us to see that Natural Law is real. “They who assert that a blind fatality produced the various effects we behold in this world talk very absurdly, for can any thing be more unreasonable than to pretend a blind fatality could be productive of intelligent beings?” He based his thinking on the existence of “a prime reason” and said that “laws are relations subsisting between the prime reason and man.” He said, “Particular intelligent beings may have laws of their own making, but they have some likewise which they never made. Before there were intelligent beings and written laws, there were relations of justice. To say there is nothing just or unjust but what is commanded or forbidden by positive laws is the same as saying that before one draws a circle all the radii are not equal.” (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">The Spirit of The Laws</span>, Baron de Montesquieu, edited by Thomas Nugent, Hafner Publishing Company, New York, 1949.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;"> </p> <h3 style="margin:0in 0in 3pt;"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">ETYMOLOGY - <i>Prudens</i></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Now, let’s examine the second root of Jurisprudence. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Prudentia</i> is “practical understanding or sagacity”. (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">Oxford</span><span style="text-decoration:underline;"> Latin Dictionary</span>, Oxford Press, Oxford, 1982.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Wisdom. Foresight. Common-sense.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span><i>Prudens</i> is the adjective form of <i>prudentia</i>, a contraction of <i>providens</i>, comprised of <i>pro</i> and <i>videns</i>, “forward” and “seeing”. Thus Prudence is “the power of seeing in advance, the faculty of looking ahead, anticipating the future, prescience.” (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">Ibid</span>.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Prudence recognizes that all our acts have consequences dictated by a Natural Law <i>not of man’s making</i>. Prudence seeks to avoid foreseeable adverse consequences and maximize the probability of success by looking ahead to the unavoidable effect of Natural Law. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Prudence is the highest form of wisdom.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>It cautions us to, “Consider the foreseeable consequences before you act.” </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Carl Claudy wrote that Prudence is one of the four cardinal virtues recognized by ancient civilizations. The others are Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance. “Consider Prudence as the wisdom of both heart and mind, and it becomes something high and holy, much more than mere precaution, the modern meaning of the word.” (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">A Treasury of Thought</span>, edited by Carl Glick, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York, 1953.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Yet, if we say Jurisprudence is a high and holy wisdom of heart and mind, a prescience to find Eternal Right and establish Justice by making <i>lex</i> comply with <i>jus</i>, secular scholars may attempt to denounce us as religious fanatics instead of wise citizens seeking a better world for our children. The secular scholars, judges, legislators, and law professors of this recent century tried to build a world where there would be no recognition of Natural Law. They strongly disagreed with those who think <i>lex </i>should seek <i>jus </i>by the high and holy wisdom of Jurisprudence, blind to the undesirable consequence of ignoring self-evident truth. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Solomon, the wisest jurist of all, said, “Prudence is the principle thing; therefore get Prudence, and with all thy getting get understanding.” (Proverbs 4:7.) Under-standing is what is so difficult for many people. They don’t want to “stand under” Truth. They want to change Truth to fit their separate interpretations, refusing to see that Truth remains unchanged by their private concepts and theories, however eloquently expressed they may be.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>If we ask how Prudence is obtained, Solomon says, “Revere the Truth!” (Proverbs 9:10.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We are restoring this nation to its high and holy purpose once again by insisting that our leaders recognize that Truth exists apart from our imaginations. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We are demanding that those who seek to lead us submit themselves to the decrees of Natural Law and administer our statutes and ordinances in such manner as will best insure that we derive the greatest benefit from the Unseen Hand that only fools deny.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>In this we are promised a great and lasting victory for all mankind! </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></span></span></p> <h3 style="margin:0in 0in 3pt;"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">CHANGES IN USAGE</span></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Jurisprudence today is just another word for law. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We have medical jurisprudence, for example, a body of law developing around the field of medicine. There is commercial jurisprudence, a body of business law. We have criminal jurisprudence, the codes by which we protect society from infractors of our law. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>In none of these applications, however, is the word being used in its true sense.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>In the 60 years from 1925 to 1985, the Supreme Court used the word Jurisprudence in no less than 576 cases. Each time it was just another word for “law”. Not once in that period of time did any Justice undertake to define this much forgotten but critically important word.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The Roman jurist Ulpian said, “Juris prudentia est divinarum atque humanarum rerum notitia, justi atque injusti scientia,” i.e., Jurisprudence is a knowledge both human and divine, to understand what is just and what is unjust.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Cicero penned the same words in 43 B.C.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Blackstone quotes Aristotle, “Jurisprudence is the principal and most perfect branch of ethics.” (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">Study of Law</span>, Blackstone, 1809.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>In 1628 Sir Edward Coke praised Jurisprudence as a “gladsome light”.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>By 1762, however, a new form of reason was beginning to appear when men like Adam Smith began saying, “Jurisprudence is the theory of rules by which governments ought to be directed.” (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">Lectures on Jurisprudence</span>, Adam Smith, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1978.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>This was only a slight shift of meaning, but the hole was in the dike. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>No one complained. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Perhaps no one even noticed. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>A flood of error had begun.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>In the tumultuous years that followed, Jurisprudence fell on hard times philosophically.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jeremy Bentham wrote in 1827, “As to the jurisprudentialist, his most common state is a sort of middle state between impostor and dupe.” </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Clearly, a new idea was gaining sway.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The old idea was under attack by fools who sought to lead us.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>By the end of the Nineteenth Century, considerations of Jurisprudence as “a knowledge human and divine” were trashed. The ancient wisdom of Eternal Truth was replaced by a new enlightenment called science (wherein nothing is true except in relation to other things). No longer could a thing be true in and of itself. Modernists were certain they would find the answers to life’s questions without resort to any worn‑out Cosmic Principle of Unchanging Truth or Natural Law that might determine the consequence of human behavior. In their zeal they ridiculed those who doubted science’s ability to solve all the problems of humanity.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The New Age rebelled against Reality itself, claiming all we know is mere “illusion”.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>In 1879, Austin distinguished “general Jurisprudence or the philosophy of positive law from what may be styled particular Jurisprudence or the science of law.” </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Positive law was now in one pan of the balance. In the other pan was science.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>At the end of the first World War God was dying. God let boys be killed at the Marne. What sort of God would create a world of hateful death and pain? </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The God of religionists seemed to have failed mankind, so scholars (secretly hoping to be gods themselves) wrote their epitaph for Jurisprudence: “God is dead.”</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Soon the news was whispered in the halls of every law school and in the courtrooms of our land where Jurisprudence once was honored as supreme wisdom. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>“Science!” was the hue and cry. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>“God is dead, so we must save ourselves! We are God, and science is our Name!”</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence was reduced to theories and hypotheses, a game for scholars, just another sterile branch of science propped precariously on the pinnings of statistical mathematics and the imperatives of commercial necessity. No longer did we have a high and holy search for Natural Law. No longer did we seek to discern Eternal Truth by which human acts receive immutable consequences. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Natural Law was ignored. Jurisprudence was lost by perversion of its name.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>LeBuffe and Hayes said, “Jurisprudence is the practical science which investigates the nature, origin, and development of law.” (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">Jurisprudence</span>, Francis LeBuffe and James Hayes, Fordham University Press, New York, 1938.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence was now science, and science alone. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Then science sought Truth, while insisting no such thing exists! The paradox of fools.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>By 1957, scholars striving to define Jurisprudence said, “The result of our investigation thus far is to establish the negative conclusion that nowadays the word ‘Jurisprudence’ does not mean certain things. Indeed, it would appear the word has no usual meaning, and it is no cynicism to say that ‘Jurisprudence’ means whatever anyone wants it to mean.” (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">Jurisprudence</span>, R.W.M. Dias and G.B.J. Hughes, Butterworth & Company, London, 1957.)</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Atheists scored what threatened to be lasting victory in academia, but people today are beginning to Lift the Lamp together, promoting Public Legal Education, so the ignorance of yesterday’s atheism is being displaced by the wisdom of Jurisprudence once more.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Today’s generation is working together to prevent the triumph of ignorance over truth.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>From the ancient Roman jurists through the rebellions of International Republicanism, atrocities of German Socialism, and lastly the horrors of an Atomic Age and Global Terrorism, we see the intentional removal of knowledge human and divine, of what is just and what is unjust. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We see today the consequence of 20<sup>th</sup> Century atheists’ corruption of Jurisprudence into a mere science for social engineering. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We recognize the error of their premise that American Law is something judges do and mortals merely muddle through. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We are no longer deceived.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Who knows best the meaning of Jurisprudence—the Roman jurists, Ulpian and Cicero, or some conceited clique of modernist New England law professors?</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Patriotic America is rising up to demand that Natural Law be recognized by our leaders!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Not the “natural law” explained by Blackstone in his treatises as the edicts of God set out in the Hebrew-Christian Bible, but the Natural Law that is the <i>logos </i>written of by the Apostle John at the beginning of his Gospel.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>“In the beginning was the Logos, the Eternal Law that was with God and is God!”</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>That Law does not change.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Apples fall from trees. They do not float upward.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Water freezes at temperatures much below 32º Fahrenheit.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Nations fall and humanity suffers when leadership ignores the consequence of Natural Law that is the immutable <i>Logos </i>of this universe. </span></span></span></p> <h3 style="margin:0in 0in 3pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span>HISTORY</span></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Note how misuse of a word and failure to discriminate between <i>jus</i> and <i>lex</i> was prodded by atheists’ rejection of Providence and the unwillingness of 20<sup>th</sup> Century leaders to take a stand for Truth! </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>A little leaven leavens the whole lump. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Errors should be opposed quickly or they grow like weeds. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Only Truth is true. Nothing else is. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>History is a record of errors and the courage that successfully opposes them.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Now that 1984 is history, we laugh at Orwell’s predictions. Nothing notable happened in 1984. No beast took over to rule our lives and regiment our thinking. We’re not being spied on by telescreens like those that pried into Winston’s and Julia’s intimacies. We are smugly certain Big Brother is not watching us … at least not in any Orwellian sense. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Yet, we miss the darker implication of Orwell’s story if we think 1984 was the year we’d see Big Brother take over. Orwell predicted change would not be noticed till much later. He suggested the insidious central control of society his book foretold would come so slowly that no one would even notice … and that it would come long after 1984! </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>“How’s the dictionary getting on?” Winston asked his comrade Syme, who worked with him in the Research Department.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>“We’re getting the language into its final shape,” Syme answered. “By the year 2050 at the very latest not a single human being will be alive who could understand the conversation we are having now.” 1984, George Orwell.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>So begins Orwell’s story of mere mortals struggling with tyrannies of power, an ageless saga of unbridled oligarchy bent on self perpetuation without concern for its harsh human consequences, heedless of history’s hard lessons, and committed to build a new tomorrow by destroying the past’s traditions, art, and language.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Wonderful, the power of words and the power of those who can alter words’ meanings! </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>It is our language that makes us human, not prehensile thumbs or ability to stand erect on hind legs. With words we build reality out of dreams. With words we prepare for our future. With words we preserve the wisdom of our past … or toss it foolishly aside. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>With words we hide from truth by revising reality to suit our selfish purposes.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The choice of seeking to adjust society to the imperatives of Natural Law or following after man’s amusement is again before us, as it has been presented to every age. We may work together to establish Jurisprudence on the principle that Reality dictates a consequence of morality both to individuals and nations—or we may turn from Truth to seek instead the wisdom of the strong and permit ourselves to be ruled by an elite caste of atheists whose goal is pleasure for themselves no matter what the cost to our posterity. This is the timeless choice, and every age acts on it one way or another. Failure to choose is nonetheless choice and, either way, we cannot escape the consequence of our decision or refusal to decide.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Fortunately, many are choosing to restore the wisdom of our American Heritage.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The potency of Jurisprudence to wisely discern the inescapable dictates of Natural Law (Truth that ultimately controls our destinies) lies in sharing its wisdom with the people themselves. As we do so we empower the populace to wisely counsel lawmakers and judges. As patriotic men and women Lift the Lamp of Public Legal Education, Jurisprudence will revive from the forgotten, yellowed pages of old books. We will take it up again, avoiding the unpleasant consequence of violating Natural Law, submitting to Truth. In this way God will bless our land with peace and prosperity for future generations. We will awaken wisdom from its slumber and turn our children’s hearts to goodness once more (as the founders of our nation intended us to do).</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence will offer its promise till the end of time, in spite of our eloquent debates, heedless of scholarly writing and political ear-scratching rhetoric. Jurisprudence cannot be kept imprisoned in books nor trapped within the frailty of a single human mind. It must live. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Truth will prove the wisdom of Jurisprudence as we teach our children this knowledge holy and divine. We will learn again how to discern what is right and just. Our nation will once more base her laws on a Jurisprudence we share and approve together in unity.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>At present, however, we have no unifying Jurisprudence in the United States of America, so we must work together to Lift the Lamp and put aside our anger and petty differences!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Until now, right and wrong has been whatever a majority of television viewers say it is.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We have no Jurisprudence in this nation … and that is our greatest danger!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>By the force of law our lives are either blessed by Liberty or stolen by tyranny.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We have a choice to make. We can base our laws on principles or convenient preference.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Rudolph von Ihering wrote, “The end of the law is peace. The means to that end is war. So long as the law is compelled to hold itself in readiness to resist the attacks of wrong (and this it will be compelled to do until the end of time) it cannot dispense with war. The life of the law is a struggle, a struggle of nations, of state power, of classes, and of individuals.” (<span style="text-decoration:underline;">The Struggle of Law</span>, Rudolph von Ihering, Callaghan and Company, Chicago, 1879.) </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The struggle of law is real, yet we can overcome the most determined foe if we work in harmony to restore our Jurisprudence based on Natural Law.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Without such a Jurisprudence, all law is tyranny. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Only by a Jurisprudence can we set limits for law and justify its means by being mindful of its ends. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Natural Law is self-evident to men and women of wisdom and good conscience.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>At the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century, there was a great revolution in Western Jurisprudence. Before that time, Jurisprudence rested on the premise that there exist immutable, eternal principles of Justice, i.e., self evident truths. Reality was no illusion. Truth was absolute, not relative. Natural Law was an accepted fact. There was consensus that legislatures and courts had a moral duty to make written law conform to Natural Law and thereby protect people from the consequence of their own self-interested folly. Wise men took this for granted.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>An example of this understanding flowed from Jefferson’s pen when he wrote, “All men are created equal, endowed by their Creator with inalienable rights”. This was considered self-evident.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>All reasonable persons agreed in those days that each of us inhabits a world that comes complete with rules, Natural Law that dictates consequences to human behavior, unwritten principles we need to understand and publish for the sake of our children’s future.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Blackstone said, “Man is entirely a dependent being, subject to the laws of his Creator, to whose will he must conform.” He is not saying we do not have free will. Not at all. Rather he and those who followed his teaching believed that none of us can be completely happy so long as we refuse to live in harmony with Natural Law. Truth alone decides our happiness. Joy flows from our own behavior, the Golden Rule, and knowledge that our every word and deed cause predictable results fixed forever by Eternal Truth, the <i>Logos</i> whose edicts never vary.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Blackstone’s “Classical Jurisprudence” took Eternal Truth and Natural Law for granted.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Change came when our leaders began to use law as a tool for social engineering. They rejected principles, replacing them with practicality. There were no absolutes. Darwinism was their Jurisprudence.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., said in 1881, “Law is what the courts do in fact”, and by that sweeping sentence he condemned the heritage of Faith that was this nation’s birthright.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Professors still insist, “Law is whatever nine men say it is,” meaning whatever the United States Supreme Court says. This statement reflects a lack of Jurisprudence. It is an untenable and fearful excuse for Jurisprudence. It has no principles to sustain it. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We innately know it is error for our law to be only what our judges say it is.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Yet, throughout the 20<sup>th</sup> Century our Jurisprudence was subverted by an atheistic plan to save humanity through social engineering. Their law is based on theories of social science. Their methods are mass propaganda and statistics. Their goals are the objectives of secular humanism, a vain philosophy our Supreme Court has given the noble title of religion.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>This is the idea that has the world in its grip.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Truth is relative, depending on man’s interpretation, so man must set standards for mankind’s behavior, heedless of the consequences of Natural Law. It is a horrid lie, yet it has taken root because patriotic men and women have not before been willing to work for Public Legal Education as they now are doing by ever increasing numbers. The Lamp is being lifted today.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Our nation will no longer follow fools who deny Truth in order to promote the lies of humanism that insidiously infect our age with destructive deceit. Good people are beginning to stand up for Truth and oppose the lies humanists sold throughout the preceding century.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Humanists were as real as and Bolsheviks. Their plan was the creation of a purely atheistic society to be in place by the beginning of our new millennium. Their society would be guided by principles of communal ownership of property. The quest for “the good life” was their central task. The men and women who supported their views were unlike the rank and file populace. They enthusiastically promoted the cause of atheism while the rest of 20th Century society basked in a deceptive sense of economic security that lulled them into a dangerous complacency from which we are now at last awakening.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Social science is the sum of atheistic jurisprudence. Statistics is the basis for its morality. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>A new world order run by atheists was their stated objective. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>In 1933, the humanists published their first manifesto. Some of its statements follow, paraphrased from the 1933 text. [You are invited to read the original to test my abridgment. It can be found on the internet.]</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:200%;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">1. The universe is self-existing and not created.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">2. Man is the product of evolution.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">3. Man has no soul, and consciousness dies with the body.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">4. Culture and civilization are products of evolution.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">5. There is no cosmic consequence controlling human values.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">6. Goals based on eternal values are obsolete.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">7. Man must use governments to establish right and wrong.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">8. The only rule of life is to live it to the fullest.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">9. The only goal is self fulfillment.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">10. Spiritual life will not be allowed.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">11. Sentiment, hopes and wishful thinking will not be allowed.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">12. Religions shall be reconstituted as quickly as possible.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;line-height:150%;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">13. Socialist communism shall replace acquisitive capitalism.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>In 1973, the second manifesto revealed the humanist plan for one world government, dedicated to atheism. A few points touched upon in that document follow, paraphrased from the 1973 text.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:200%;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">1. False hopes of heaven are harmful.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">2. Reasonable minds look to other methods of survival.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">3. The 21st Century should be the humanistic century.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">4. Humanism intends a secular society on a planetary scale.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">5. There is no divine purpose for the human species.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">6. Religion is an obstacle to human progress.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">7. Ethics is autonomous and situational.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">8. Abortion and divorce are human rights.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">9. Sexual and homosexual exploration are human rights.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">10. Euthanasia and suicide are human rights.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">11. The limits of national sovereignty must be transcended.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0.2in 0pt 0.3in;text-indent:-0.2in;line-height:200%;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">12. A transnational federal government should be established.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>No high and holy wisdom based on Eternal Principles of Justice would be permitted in the grand utopia these fools envisioned. Jurisprudence would be forgotten, and in its place they would erect legal mechanisms, public policies, and a promise of the good life for all who agree with their godless proposals. They condemned as heresy the thought we humans might place our hope in an Eternal Law of Love and Truth to guide and ennoble our lives. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Their New Age became the political goal of the last century, however their Jurisprudence was without foundation and so their movement is crumbling as men and women of conscience and wisdom turn back to Truth in this new millennium. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Their classroom secularists refrained from divine considerations when they spoke of law, so their system began to break down in accordance with the rule of Natural Law … predictably.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Their religion threatened to displace philosophies and beliefs that teach Eternal Truth, a march of resolute ignorance that would not retreat one single inch, yet it is this weakness that gives us today the power to overcome their lies and restore Jurisprudence once again as the high and holy wisdom it will ever be!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:200%;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><span><span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:200%;"> </span></span></span></p> <h3 style="margin:0in 0in 3pt;"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">CHOICES</span></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span> </span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span>Perhaps you now see why we heard so much about “human rights” this last century. It is a humanist term. Atheists who gained power after World War II had no real Jurisprudence. They attempted to lead our generation by the nose to a New Tomorrow we would not find to our liking! We tried to be fair and liberal, but we were neither just nor prudent.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The price of 20<sup>th</sup> Century foolishness has not yet been counted! </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Scholars of the last century were deceitful barons of knowledge wandering about concealing or uprooting ancient landmarks. It was as if our heritage and every noble thought of our forefathers was rendered foolishness by the unchallenged edict of 20<sup>th</sup> Century scholarship swayed by humanistic atheism and its spawn: political correctness.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>20<sup>th</sup> Century scholars were so completely lost in their conceit they proposed to re-define reality and so, with words, cause it to bend to every desire of their imaginations. They sought to replace the meaning of Jurisprudence with measurements of social science and the vanity of godless philosophies. You are witness to the consequence of their stealthily emerging ideas that threatened to destroy the fabric of civilization and cast your children headlong into the terror of an intolerable anarchy where rule would be by force alone and justice would be a thing only the most wealthy and politically favored could afford. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Now we teach Natural Law once more and in time we will cause man-made laws to conform.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>At issue is nothing more or less than The Truth and the Peace and Safety of future generations.</span></span></span></p> <h3 style="margin:0in 0in 3pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span>CONCLUSION</span></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>A mighty beam suspends the pans of justice! A razors edge is its fulcrum! But, the burden of its judgments can only be sustained by a foundation rooted and grounded in Truth.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:normal;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Tennyson wrote:</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Our little systems have their day;</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">They have their day and cease to be:</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">They are but broken lights of thee,</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:center;tab-stops:.2in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in;"><i><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">And thou, O Lord, art more than they.</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Many still believe we have no right to speak of Eternal Truth or Natural Law in public. They claim it violates their code, unwritten edicts of the politically correct. They wish us to believe the very idea of Eternal Truth or Natural Law has no place in society, much less in political and jurisprudential deliberations. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Let us ask them in reply, “Why not?” </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Why not seek to discern what Natural Law dictates as a consequence to our errors? </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Why not frame our laws to protect the innocent and warn the impudent? </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Why not exercise wisdom and acknowledge that which cannot be denied?</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Our most prestigious law schools were founded by legal educators devoted to promoting public awareness of the eternal principles of right and wrong. Harvard, Yale, and dozens of others were built and staffed in their early years by teachers who taught Natural Law. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>To those who say Natural Law has no place in our discussions of law we can reply that our founding fathers were staunch believers who acknowledged <i>self-evident Truth</i> as their guide.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>It is time we told those who conceit themselves to be wiser than the founders of this nation that they shall have no place in our classrooms, legislatures, or courthouses.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence is being restored! </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Though today’s usage is so foreign to its original meaning and so divested of its lofty purpose and its noble goal as to have become a non sequitur, we can nonetheless return it to its proper place by insisting that our leaders recognize Natural Law and re-establish our American Jurisprudence. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence is not just another name for law. It is not just a branch of social science. It certainly is not an arcane discipline between the abstrusities of social ethics and that maze men call epistemology. It is the wisdom of law, and we need it today more than ever.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We can be empowered as a people once again by its value and greatness, for it was the wise Jurisprudence of our founders that launched this great nation. The success they hoped for will be ours as we resurrect Jurisprudence from its holy tomb.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Atheist thinkers selectively defined the term to eliminate its meaning and replace it with their humanist substitute (social engineering) by which, if we foolishly allowed it, they would commit heinous crimes against humanity in their vain effort to evade what cannot be escaped.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Natural Law is an unavoidable part of Reality, and Reality is no illusion (except to fools).</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The ancients venerated words, using them to contemplate deeper truths. By words they searched for Truth and the destiny ordained by Natural Law, concerned for the welfare of their children.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We can re-establish Jurisprudence. We can take our nation back from the “liberated generation” of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century and refuse to cross the wide uncharted sea of the future guided only by science and social pressures. We can heed the wisdom of the past, instead of seeking profit for today at the expense of tomorrow.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Our founders knew there’d come a time when we’d forget their vision. Many predicted our refusal to rely on the landmarks of their wise architecture. Orwell predicted important words would be displaced by newspeak and newthink. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>By the year 2050, where will <i>truth</i> be? Where <i>justice</i>? Where <i>liberty</i>?</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>As we come together at the dawn of this wonderful millennium we choose to ensure that liberty, justice, and truth will be secure for our children and their children, dispelling the darkness that has too long attempted to destroy us with atheism’s lies.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence has been called the “queen of reason”. Come, let us reason together! </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Let us see that those who ignore the mandates of Natural Law are unworthy to lead us, for they serve a darkness that denies Eternal Truth. They are not friends of humanity as they claim. They are, in fact, our enemies!</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Jurisprudence, like the torch held high by Lady Liberty in New York’s harbor, lights our search for Truth. It is the code by which wisdom must codify our laws. It is not mere law nor a body of laws nor the science or study of laws. It is wisdom looking toward the future for the welfare of us all. It is Prudence searching to discern the mandates of Natural Law.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Without Jurisprudence we are barbarians who go to war and criminals who punish those whose acts offend us, for without Jurisprudence we have no authority but our own self-serving desires. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>We are wiser with a faulty Jurisprudence than with none at all. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>The founders of this nation rested on the wisdom of the past, looked into the future, and labored resolutely with concern for us who are their posterity. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Now, we will join together to take up their cause and truly follow in their footsteps.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Only Truth is true.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Only Wisdom is wise.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span> </span>Let our Wisdom seek to discover Truth once again and in its Freedom rejoice!</span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-align:center;" align="center"><span>#</span><span><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span> </span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:200%;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;" align="center"><i><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Please do not use or reproduce without permission and proper credit to the author.</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:200%;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;" align="center"><i><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:200%;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;" align="center"><i><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">For additional copies or further information about Public Legal Education contact:</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:200%;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;" align="center"><span><b><span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:red;">Juris</span></span></b><b><span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:blue;">dictionary</span></span></b><sup><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">®</span></span></sup><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></span></p> <p> <span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;" align="center"><span><i><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">816 Dolphin Drive</span></span></i><i><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">, Stuart, Florida<span></span> </span>34996</span></i></span><i></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;" align="center"><i><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Toll Free: 866-Law-Easy</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;" align="center"><i><span><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p> <p> <i><span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><a href="mailto:lawbook@bellsouth.net"><span>attorney@jurisdictionary.com</span></a></span></span></i></p> <p> </p><div style="clear:both;"></div> </article> <article> <h1>Legitimizing the Law</h1> <p>Dr. Frederick D. Graves — Thu, 02 Oct 2008 14:01:50 GMT</p> <h2 align="center">Legitimizing the Law</h2> <p> Jurisdictionary is an attempt to demonstrate what's good about American law by examining the very framework of reality, to show that truth is neither amorphous nor amenable to human wishes, that every aspect of our lives is subject to systematic analysis. We speak of science and its limitations. We speak of faith and the foolishness of those who refuse to live by faith. And, most of all, we speak of law and the elements of reason and hope by which alone law can be legitimized for a free people.<br /> We are all of us entitled to enjoy our lives in peace and plenty. There is more than enough wealth (in the form of natural resources and creative intellect) to go around. There is no reason why we can’t all of us (including those in third world countries as well as dwellers of the inner cities in our own nation) enjoy a bountiful life without conflict or want. Too often, however, our prosperity and joy are stolen from us by the effects of law. Too often law is neither fair nor sane. Too often law is a handmaid to those who have placed themselves as rulers over us, proclaiming by legislation and court decision what's best for us, for our families, and for our friends. Too often law is corrupt. Too often law seeks the favors of a special few and, in the process, becomes a *** or coddles the favor of the majority and becomes a fool. Too often law is little more than the decision of a mob. Too often law is a tool by which elitists seek to re-make civilization according to their private view of what's best for all. And too often we, the people, do nothing to resist or redirect these forces that seek to steal from us our heritage of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.<br /> Nor can we place the blame entirely on the lawmakers or those who work for government, the tax collectors, property re-distributors, war machine manipulators, judges, presidents, or town hall clerks. The blame must lie with us, the people, for we are all too often ignorant of the devices of those who wield the power of law over us. We do not resist, much less redirect the forces of law. We are uncertain what to do and, too often, despair of doing anything at all. The few who clamor for change do so without direction, demanding this or that, insisting that their goals are far more moral than the agenda of their political opposition. The balance totters to the right, then swings back left, oscillating between opinions like a stupid toy in the hands of children. The harmony of law is lost, drowned out by the din of political divisiveness.<br /> Where there should be certainty, there is doubt and distrust. Where there should be unity, there is contempt and collusion. Where there should be peace and prosperity, there is the growing threat of waste and war.<br /> What is missing?<br /> I believe we have, as a people, lost sight of our heritage. In our haste to re-make the world, to undo the perceived wrongs of the past, and to place ourselves in control of our destiny, we are ignoring the need for certainty. We have replaced truth with opinion and private interest. We have decided we are wiser than our forebears, kinder, more gentle, more likely to establish peace and a new world order that will guarantee the dream of all mankind by concentrating power in the hands of a few. Such lunacy is not our heritage, as I intend to show within the pages of this work.<br /> I make no attempt to be politically correct. I seek only to know what can be known for certain and to convey that to you as clearly and concisely as my writing skills allow. If I seem to wander from my premise on occasion, please wander with me, looking in the pastures and forests along our way to get a feeling for the sense of where we are and where we should be going. On occasion I may become rather cryptic and convey my meaning solely by metaphor or some other roundabout way. Please go along. There are some things that can’t be said directly, ideas that come across more clearly by allegory and indirection. The goal is that you’ll see the certainty for yourself, that by engaging in the analytical experiment you will against the gallery of hatred and interests, each vying to shift the balance one way or the other, while the geometry of law by which law is legitimized lies lost in the dusty battle.<br /> Meanwhile, in that balance hang our lives and the lives of our children.</p> <p align="right">... Dr. Frederick D. Graves<br />... Jurisdictionary</p><div style="clear:both;"></div> </article> <article> <h1>Making Your Internet Business Legal - A Simple Guide</h1> <p>MySolutionSpot Editor — Sat, 12 Jul 2008 03:39:16 GMT</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">When I first started thinking about beginning an online business, I didn't think about the legalities. I knew I wanted to make some extra money. Lots of money! Sound familiar? So, I began doing some research. One day I ran across the headline of an article that I will never forget. It read, "Your Business; Get Legal Or Get Cheated"! As if that were not scary enough, there was more to come. As I began to skim the page, I was horrified to see the words, "Tax ID number." Tax ID number? I don't know anything about that! At that moment, I thought the dream of owning my own business was just that, a dream. I began to read more of the article and it actually sounded pretty simple. I was surprised to find how simple it really was. There are two things you must have in order to make your business legal. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">The first thing you need to do is file your business name with your state. This is referred to as a Doing Business As (DBA) or Fictitious Name depending on your state of residence. It is as simple as going down to your local County Office building to register your business name. You will be charged a fee. I payed $19 in my county which is in North Carolina. You will need to find out the cost of the fees in your county. You can also file a corporation with your state. All states have a website that gives information about this. Most of the time you can even file online. A corporation will give you more protection for your business but is more expensive. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">The second thing you need to do is obtain a Tax ID number. Most states require you to have one. In my state it is called a Sales Tax and Use Certificate. In other states it could be called a Seller's Permit. What is the purpose of this number? It allows you to collect sales tax on items you sale within your own state. You will use this to file and pay taxes on the items that you sell. You can obtain a Tax ID number by visiting your local State Tax office. You should be able to complete the process and have your number within minutes for a minimal fee. Since the process was still a little scary for me, I went to see my accountant and he filed the papers for a fee of $25. I thought it was worth every penny not fill out the forms myself. If you buy products from a wholesaler, you will need to give them a copy of your Sales and Use Tax Certificate or Seller's Permit. This proves to the IRS that they are not required to charge you tax on products that they sell to you for wholesale prices.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">So, there you have it! Those are the two things you will need to make your business legal. Not too scary and painful, I hope. Easier and cheaper than you thought, right? There are a couple of other things to consider when starting your business, especially if you are serious about making money online. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Opening a business bank account is optional, but I highly recommend that you do. For a while, I didn't have one. You will need the documents with your business name. Most banks offer business accounts and only require a deposit of $50 to $100. I opened a free business checking account. It included 175 transactions per month without being charged extra and no minimum balance was required to keep the account open. If you need more transactions there are other options available. Shop around for the best deals. One thing to take into consideration is convenience. For instance, if you spend a lot of time in other towns or states, make sure you open an account with a bank in those locations if possible. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">If you are going to do business online you are going to need a merchant account to accept credit card payments from your customers. You will not be able to earn much money without one. People who shop online use credit and debit cards to get what they want as quickly as possible. A merchant account will collect payments from your customers and deposit them into your business bank account. When applying, you will need to supply all of the information I have discussed in this article. There are, of course, fees for using a merchant account. There will be a one time fee to set up an account. This amount can vary from a couple of hundred to a few thousand dollars depending on your needs and who you choose to set up your account. You will also be charged an average of 2.2% of the amount charged to your customer's credit card plus around 30 cents for each transaction. This is what my bank would charge if I opened a merchant account with them. You will need to shop around to find the best rates and plan for you. I do not have a merchant account but am still able to accept payments online. I currently use Paypal to accept transactions. Go to their website to read about what they have to offer. It has it's advantages and disadvantages, but I digress. That is another topic. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">I hope you enjoyed reading this article and found it to be helpful in your business endeavors. I wish you the best of luck on your journey to success!<br /></span></p> <h1 style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">About the Author</span></h1> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Nancy Cleary has spent a great deal of her time doing research to find resources and advice about doing business online. She shares her own personal experiences about useful strategies and information to help start an online business. Recommended resources: <a href="http://www.netbusinessadvice.com/">http://www.netbusinessadvice.com</a></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;">Article Source - </span></strong></span><a href="http://www.articles-hub.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;">Free Articles</span></strong></span></a><span style="font-size: small; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><span class="articledisplaytitle"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.articles-hub.com/Article/146366.html"></a></span></span></span></p> </article> <article> <h1>Business Licenses Required to Legally Start Your Business</h1> <p>MySolutionSpot Editor — Sat, 12 Jul 2008 03:39:14 GMT</p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">All starting businesses need one or more business licenses and tax ids before legally starting business operations. After reading this article you will know exactly what business licenses you need to start your business. First, all starting businesses need a business license. <br /><br />There are a few businesses that are not required to have one but that's a small percentage compared to the percentage of businesses that need a business license to legally operate. The business license requirement applies to all businesses: Home-based businesses, online internet businesses, contractor's businesses, professional businesses and any other type of business. If you are a professional, such as a mechanic or hairdresser, you might need to apply for a professional license directly from the state. However, you will still need to obtain a business license in addition to your professional license. Depending on the location of your business, or the type of business, the business license is filed at the state, county or municipal level of government. <br /><br />Second, you may need to register a DBA. If you using a business name that does not include your last name, you need to file a DBA (Doing Business As), also called a fictitious business name, an assumed business name, a trade business name, a trade firm name or a business name certificate. <br /><br />Keep in mind that even if you use your last name as part of your business name, and the business name also includes a suffix such as "& Co," "& Sons," "& Associates" or anything that denotes additional business owners, you need to file a DBA. Incorporating or forming an LLC is like the registration of a DBA business name so long as the corporate or LLC name is identical to the name you are using to conduct business. So, if you incorporate or form an LLC, you don't need to register a DBA business name. However, even if you file a Corporation or LLC, and the corporation name or LLC name is different from the business name you will use to conduct business, you need to file a DBA. Here's a link to an inexpensive and professional DBA filing service: <a href="http://www.businessname.net/">http://www.businessname.net</a> . <br /><br />Third, if you sell or lease taxable items or services, in most states, you are required to obtain a state sales tax id number (also called a seller's permit, wholesale license, retail license or resale permit). <br /><br />The reason that the state wants you to have this tax id number is that, as a retailer, you will be collecting sales taxes, which you will need to later pay to the state. You will need a sales tax id number to buy wholesale, or if you are a wholesaler, you will need it to sell wholesale. For example, if you have a toy store, you will be able to buy wholesale without paying any taxes for the toys to the wholesaler and, subsequently, charging taxes to your customers when you sell the toys. <br /><br />Fourth, if you will hire employees, you will need to obtain a federal employer tax identification number as well as a state employer tax identification number. <br /><br />These tax id numbers are required if you are an employer. Employment taxes are paid both to the federal and to the state government. Note that a federal tax id is also you business id number - just like a social security is your personal id number. Even if you are not required to have it, it is a good idea to obtain one and use it to open a business checking account. Otherwise, you will need to use your social security number to open a business bank account. Here's a link to a company that can obtain any tax id number for your business: <a href="http://www.tax-id-number.info/">http://www.tax-id-number.info</a> . <br /><br />Finally, incorporate your business or form a Limited Liability Company (LLC) to avoid personal or civil liability. <br /><br />You are not required to incorporate or form an LLC but it is recommended because a corporation or LLC is a separate "person" or legal entity and, thus, separates you from the business. Filing a DBA, does not protect your personal assets. However, if you incorporate or form an LLC, your debtors can only satisfy claims from your company's business assets not your personal assets such as your home or automobile. <br /><br />You can hire a lawyer to file your business licenses, a less expensive legal service or you can do it yourself. After obtaining the required business licenses discussed above, and opening your business accounts, you can legally start business operations. <br /><br />Obtain all required business licenses for your business so you can start making money! <br /><br />Copyright (c) 2006 Elias Stassinos </span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">About The Author</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;">Elias Stassinos, Esquire is a business attorney that has assisted thousands of small business owners and entrepreneurs launch their first business enterprise. Visit his law firm Website: <a href="http://www.stassinos.com/">http://www.stassinos.com</a>.</span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.articlecity.com/articles/legal/article_849.shtml">http://www.articlecity.com/articles/legal/article_849.shtml</a></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p> </article> </main></body></html>